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ftutoria.doc
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Freyja Tutorial
This document will help you get started in learning how to use
Freyja. The best way to use it is to read it using Freyja. You can
do this by giving the command:
freyja ftutoria.doc
You can also bring this document up by starting Freyja and typing:
^X ^F ftutoria.doc ^M (or Enter)
Most Freyja commands are given using the Control key. This key is
sometimes labelled Ctrl or Ctl. This type of command will be written
like this:
^#
where "#" is replaced by the letter that is typed along with control
key. For example, ^V for Control and the "V" key. Now type the ^V
command.
Good. You are on the next screen. The ^V command causes Freyja to
move to the next screen of text. Note that there is a little overlap
between the screens. From now on, just type this command whenever
you finish reading a screen of text.
The natural next step is to learn how to move backwards by a screen.
There are two ways for you to indicate this action to Freyja. The
first is to give the ^Z command. Try it, then use ^V to come back.
The ^Z command is specific to Freyja: other Emacs-type text editors
do not use that command for this purpose. Rather, the Emacs
"standard" command for going back a screen is the ^[ V command.
This command looks a little funny. The ^[ means the Control and [
keys. While you can type it this way, this command is also available
on most keyboards as the Escape key (sometimes labelled Esc). Thus,
you give the ^[ V command by pressing AND RELEASING the Escape key,
then pressing the V key (it doesn't matter whether you type an upper-
or lower-case V). Try it and come back here. The commands that start
with the Escape key (or are "prefixed" with the Escap key) are called
"meta" commands.
On MS/DOS computers, Freyja treats Alt-shifted characters the same as
their corresponding meta commands. On these computers, Freyja also
supports the arrow and function keys. See the Freyja command list
for details.
RECAP:
^V moves forward one screen
^Z moves backward one screen
^[ V moves backward one screen
^L recenter the screen
^[ ^L completely rebuild the screen display from scratch
Now that you can move by screens, how do you move in smaller amounts?
^P (*P*revious line)
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^B (*B*ackward character) ----- ----- ^F (*F*orward character)
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^N (*N*ext line)
Freyja commands are more-or-less mnemonic: the letter associated with
the command indicates what it does. Thus, we have B for backward and
F for forward. Try these commands for a while.
You will notice when moving around that you can't move to anyplace
that doesn't have text (for example, the blank lines between these
paragraphs). When going forward, you move from the end of a line to
the start of the next line and vice-versa for moving backward. When
moving to the next or previous lines, the cursor "jumps" to the left
edge of the screen then jumps back as you continue moving.
Note that if you should move off of the top or bottom of the screen,
the display is shifted automatically to keep your current position
visible.
You can move to the beginning or end of the line in one step by
giving the ^A (beginning of line (well, B was taken)) and ^E (end of
line) commands. Note that if you keep giving the same commands, you
don't keep moving. Is this right?
RECAP:
^F move forward by character
^B move backward by character
^N move to the next line
^P move to the previous line
^A move to the start of the line
^E move to the end of the line
The next step up from characters is words. You will notice a pattern
right off:
^[ A (start of sentence)
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^[ B (*B*ackward word) ----- ----- ^[ F (*F*orward word)
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^[ E (*E*nd of sentence)
Try these. Note that when moving by words, you are always left at
the "far end" of the word. When moving by sentences, successive
^[ A and ^[ E commands move to successive sentence. This is a little
different than the ^A and ^E commands.
We will finish off the moving-around commands with two other
important ones:
^[ < move to the beginning of the file
^] > move to the end of the file
Try all of the commands that you have learned so far (but try not to
read ahead too much!). Then come back here and keep going.
MAKING CHANGES
If you want to add text to what is already there, it couldn't be
easier. Just:
- move the cursor so that the *left edge* is at the place that
you want to add the text, and
- type the new text (no Control-shifting or Escape-prefixing)
If you type a lot of text, you may notice that the end of the line
"spills" off the right edge of the screen. The text is still there,
it just isn't visible. If you want to see the text, just move there:
- position the cursor to the line of interest
- give the ^E command (not yet...!)
- when done, give the ^A command to come back
Here is a long line to try it out on. Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country.
(You can also give the ^X > and ^X < commands to move the screen
right and left. But that is telling.)
So adding text is easy, how about deleting text?
You can delete text in many ways. As many of these involve the ^H
command, it is worth pointing out that this is also found as a "Back
Space" or "BS" key (sometimes "Back Arrow") on many computers. If
your computer has a "Del" or "Delete" key, this also works (although
it is a different character and written as ^?).
(This ^? character is typed on MS/DOS computers by Ctrl + Back Arrow.
On these computers, the Ctrl + Back Arrow command is supposed to
delete the entire previous word and Freyja does this.)
The basic deletion command are:
^H delete back one character (analagous to ^B)
^D delete forward one character (analagous to ^F)
^[ ^H delete back one word (analagous to ^[ B)
^[ D delete forward one word (analagous to ^[ F)
You can also delete by lines or sentences:
^K delete to the end of the line; if at the end of the
line, delete just the line separator
^[ K delete forward one sentence (analagous to ^[ E)
^X ^? delete backard one sentence (analagous to ^[ A)
Try all of these (please be careful). If you delete "too much," you
can restore this file by giving the command:
^X ^R ^M (or Enter)
then answering "Y" to the question.
Those are the most often used commands. At this point, the tutorial
is over and you should go back to the "freyja.doc" file. This file
explains the rest of the concepts in Freyja.
We will finish by explaining one last useful command:
^X ^C
This command exits from Freyja.